{"id":10764,"date":"2014-09-01T07:01:46","date_gmt":"2014-09-01T11:01:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/creative.clemson.edu\/clemsonworld\/?p=10764"},"modified":"2014-09-01T07:01:46","modified_gmt":"2014-09-01T11:01:46","slug":"fireflies-vanishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/fireflies-vanishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Fireflies Vanishing?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Clemson team recruits citizens scientists to answer the question.<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>In the liturgy of a late spring night, the call and response of a tree frog chorus accompanied the fireflies\u2019 ethereal light, as a guard let in a dozen people to the Cooper Library to launch a \u201cflash\u201d mob.<br \/>\nIt was the May 31 kickoff for 2014 Clemson Firefly Count, part of a project investigating the question, \u201cAre fireflies vanishing?\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div first  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_third  avia-builder-el-first  \" ><p>Over the summer, firefly census takers would count lightning bugs for the fifth year in a row. New technology was being used, and the Vanishing Firefly Project team of scientists and students was keeping their fingers crossed that it would work without a hitch.<br \/>\nThe count this year included new and improved mobile apps, software to view the count in progress and social media to get the word out. The work spanned the University, calling on talents of entomologists, environmental and computer scientists and science educators.<br \/>\nComputer science senior Joshua Hull hunched over his laptop, checking the computer network that collected observers\u2019 tallies and displayed their locations. He also had upgraded one of two mobile apps people used to \u201cphone\u201d in their counts.<br \/>\n\u201cI feel like my mother must have felt when she dropped me off at college,\u201d Hull said. \u201cShe had prepared me the best she could, and it was time to let me go into the real world. But I\u2019m not going to cry like she did.\u201d<br \/>\nHull paused, scanning a new screen load of data. \u201cUnless things go bad, then I might cry.\u201d<br \/>\nBy the end of the evening, Hull was smiling, not crying.<\/p><\/div><br \/>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div   avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  \" ><p><article  class=\"iconbox iconbox_left    avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-first  \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><a href='https:\/\/clemson.world\/vanishing-fireflies-making-cover\/' title='The Making of the Cover'  target=\"_blank\"  class=\"iconbox_icon heading-color \" aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue80f' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\"  ><a href='https:\/\/clemson.world\/vanishing-fireflies-making-cover\/' title='The Making of the Cover'  target=\"_blank\" >The Making of the Cover<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container  '  itemprop=\"text\"  ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/clemson.world\/vanishing-fireflies-making-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10868 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/clemson.world\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Fireflies7-10-14_015-80x80.jpg\" alt=\"Fireflies7-10-14_015\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Fireflies7-10-14_015-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Fireflies7-10-14_015-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Fireflies7-10-14_015-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><\/a><em>Ashley Jones shares the process of capturing the magic of fireflies.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ONqG5OVWDzQ\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11373 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Firefly-project-e1408727573115.jpg\" alt=\"Firefly project\" width=\"134\" height=\"103\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<article  class=\"iconbox iconbox_center    avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><a href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ONqG5OVWDzQ' title='Video'  class=\"iconbox_icon heading-color \" aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue817' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/a><h3 class='iconbox_content_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\"  ><a href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ONqG5OVWDzQ' title='Video' >Video<\/a><\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container  '  itemprop=\"text\"  ><\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<h3>NOSTALGIA+SCIENCE<\/h3>\n<p>Are fireflies disappearing? A lot of folks say so. They remember summers when children dashed and darted through the dark holding an empty jelly jar in one hand and its lid poked with nail holes in the other in pursuit of the greenish glow. Triumphant young whoops of capture and the bittersweet release \u201cbye-bye firefly\u201d are not heard so much today.<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_10947\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10947\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10947\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Joshua-Hull-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Joshua Hull\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Joshua-Hull-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Joshua-Hull.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10947\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joshua Hull<\/p><\/div><br \/>\nNostalgia needed to be buttressed by science, and so the Clemson Vanishing Firefly Project began. It was started by a scientist who had not seen a firefly until he was an adult, and then became enchanted by the blinking little lights in the night.<br \/>\n\u201cMy family had not yet come from California, so I was working late,\u201d said Alex Chow, an associate professor stationed at Clemson\u2019s Belle W. Baruch Institute for Coastal Ecology and Forestry in Georgetown. \u201cAs I walked from my office to the dorm, I saw these lights in the woods, and I didn\u2019t know what they were.\u201d<br \/>\nChow grew up in Hong Kong, where he never saw fireflies. During his first southern summer in 2008, Chow enjoyed the light show. The next year, he did not see as many fireflies. His curiosity was piqued.<br \/>\n\u201cWe had done some prescribed burning, and I wondered if it had affected the fireflies,\u201d Chow said. A biogeochemist, Chow studies how land disturbances such as fires, flooding or timbercutting, affect soil and water chemistry. He could imagine a relationship between firefly abundance and changes in their habitat. Chow decided to do an observational study looking for the effect of human activities on firefly populations. But Chow wasn\u2019t a firefly guy.<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_10948\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10948\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10948\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Alex-Chow-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Alex Chow\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Alex-Chow-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Alex-Chow-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Alex-Chow-705x529.jpg 705w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Alex-Chow.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10948\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alex Chow<\/p><\/div><br \/>\n\u201cI needed an entomologist,\u201d he said.<br \/>\nChow searched the Clemson faculty and found one in Florence, which was closer to him than Clemson. But there was a problem.<br \/>\n\u201cI didn\u2019t know anything about fireflies, but I was willing to learn,\u201d said Juang Horng \u201cJC\u201d Chong, stationed at the the Pee Dee Research and Education Center. Chong specializes in controlling insects that harm ornamental plants and turfgrass. Landscape plants and grass are multimillion-dollar industries in South Carolina.<br \/>\nChong reviewed firefly studies and found that nothing had been done to learn about fireflies in South Carolina since the 1960s.<br \/>\nWith so much to do on a spare-time project, the researchers had to be committed. Are fireflies worth the work?<br \/>\n\u201cAbsolutely,\u201d said Chong. [pullquote align=&#8217;right&#8217;]\u201cFireflies may not be endangered, but they are an indicator of environmental conditions. Just as important, fireflies affect our feelings about the future. What kind of world are passing on to our kids? I want my children to see fireflies like I did growing up in Malaysia.\u201d[\/pullquote]<br \/>\nThat Chow did not see fireflies growing up and Chong did see them lights the way to understanding what fireflies can show us about the environment. In Chong\u2019s Malaysia, the fireflies that flash synchronously in large groups in the mangroves near Kuala Selangor are an international tourist attraction. In South Carolina, fireflies in the Congaree National Park swamp glow en masse, too.<br \/>\nWater or moist areas is one key to a robust firefly population. Another is tall grasses, bushes and trees. But perhaps the most important element is darkness.<br \/>\nChow\u2019s Hong Kong is a nightmare for fireflies. The bright white lights of a big city make it virtually impossible for one firefly to see another\u2019s flashes. And the glow is not simply an ornamental taillight, but the medium by which the fireflies communicate about safety, food and sex. Light pollution prevents the signals from being seen.<br \/>\nAdd the concrete and asphalt landscape of urban living and the malls and lawns of the suburbs, and it\u2019s not hard to believe firefly numbers are declining.<br \/>\nBut are they really vanishing, or is it just that many of us now live in places where fireflies do not flourish?<\/p>\n<h3>A CRACKERJACK TEAM<\/h3>\n<p>[pullquote align=&#8217;right&#8217;]Chow and Chong needed help counting fireflies. They didn\u2019t have the time or resources to sample beyond Georgetown, so the scientists turned to the public, launching a citizen-science project.[\/pullquote] The researchers also needed to enlist experts who could help them. Chow sent emails and made phone calls and began to assemble a crackerjack team.<br \/>\nDavid White was the first onboard, coordinating the computer work. Director of environmental informatics for Clemson\u2019s Cyberinstiute for Technology and Information, White developed the firefly webpages and mapping programs.<br \/>\nIn 2009, the tallies were recorded on paper, and researchers would enter the data online. Then White installed a Web page form in 2010 that observers could use directly via computer. Chow, Chong and White knew what was needed to make the process easier.<br \/>\nThere had to be an app for that.<br \/>\nSo Chow made calls.<br \/>\n\u201cI was at a conference three years ago in Raleigh when my cellphone rang \u2014 it was Dr. Chow,\u201d said Roy Pargas. \u201cHe introduced himself and said he was involved in counting fireflies.\u201d<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-10949\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Projext-view-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Firefly Project view\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Projext-view-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Projext-view.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Pargas is an associate professor in human-centered computing. He teaches courses in mobile app design and development \u2014 Apple IOS in the fall and Android in the spring. Students have to put theory to use.<br \/>\n\u201cStudents can work alone or in groups, but theyall have to do projects that produce a benefit \u2014 help students learn, help faculty teach, help Clemson in some way,\u201d said Pargas. \u201cDr. Chow\u2019s project was a good fit. I mentioned it to my Apple class.\u201d<br \/>\nA student volunteered immediately. Doug Edmonson developed the iPhone app, continuing to work with the firefly project until he graduated. Josh Hull took over from Edmonson, seeing the app through its latest version in the Apple online store. New for 2014 was an Android app done by Greg Edison (\u201cmy dad is Tom but no relation to the inventor\u201d). Edison installed a nifty feature, a light meter that lets the user measure the level of ambient light, which may correlate to the number of fireflies seen.<\/p>\n<h3>BRIDGING THE GAP<\/h3>\n<p>While it would be years before there would enough observation data to determine the fate of fireflies, Chow and Chong were seeing something notable, and they sought to publish their findings.<br \/>\n\u201cWe wanted to write up what we were learning about citizen-participation science research,\u201d said Chow. \u201cBut we were out of our depth \u2014 I do soil, JC does insects. We needed somebody in education.\u201d<br \/>\nChow again asked around, and Joe Culin, an associate dean and entomologist in the College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, suggested a collaborator.<br \/>\n\u201cI knew right away I wanted to work with them,\u201d said Michelle Cook, associate professor of education. \u201cFireflies offer a way to help people learn about who scientists are and how they work.\u201d<br \/>\nCook\u2019s specialty is science education, a hot topic in the national conversation about what students need to know in order to succeed. Science depends on creativity and figuring things out. Cook advocates adding more inquiry activities that teach and encourage students to work out experiments, using the scientific method, which relies on accurate and repeatable data.<br \/>\nCook and doctoral student Renee Lyons analyze survey results from firefly counters who volunteer to answer online questions. A number of firefly counters see their efforts as helping scientists. Some believe that the count can have an impact on environmental concern, but other are unconvinced that there is a link between human activities and environmental problems. Overwhelmingly, people surveyed enjoyed participating.<br \/>\n[pullquote align=&#8217;right&#8217;]\u201cIt helps build a bridge between scientists and the public,\u201d said Cook. \u201cPeople get to know and talk with scientists, connecting to their work.\u201d[\/pullquote] The bridge helps people not only develop a positive attitude about science but also helps encourage kids to try science.<\/p>\n<h3>MISSION CONTROL<\/h3>\n<p>This year, Lori Tanner joined the project as well. Tanner is part of the Clemson IT ivision and runs the Digital Learning Resource center, where firefly mission control set up in the library. The center looked like a high-tech movie set with projections of stunningly sharp digital images, maps and displays of Internet chatter about the firefly project.<br \/>\nTanner is a specialist in social media \u2014 the buzz of the digital communities populating the Internet. Weeks ahead of time, Tanner and recent biosystems engineering graduate Devin Schultze kept the web-based world informed about preparations for the count and how to participate. Well more than 40,000 people were reached digitally.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-10952\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Tweet-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Firefly Project Tweet\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Tweet-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Tweet-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Tweet-705x529.jpg 705w, https:\/\/clemsonworld.wpenginepowered.com\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/07\/Firefly-Project-Tweet.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>In previous years, older people were the largest group of firefly counters. The 2014 counters in their late 20s to mid 30s comprised the larger group, a shift Lyons attributes to an increased use of social media.<br \/>\nBy the end of the May kickoff night, nearly 500 people had reported firefly counts. Two months later, it had risen to more than 3,095 \u2014 one from Italy. They had reported seeing more than 62,400 fireflies.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-10951\" src=\"http:\/\/clemsonworld.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Firefly-APP-120x120.jpg\" alt=\"Firefly APP\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" \/>The Vanishing Firefly Project is on the glow.<br \/>\nAdditional resources:<br \/>\nThe <em>New York Times<\/em> article about the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/08\/15\/us\/firefly-population-science-in-a-twinkle-of-nighttime-in-the-south.html?_r=1\">Vanishing Firefly Project<\/a>.<br \/>\nCBS Sunday Morning recently produced a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/videos\/tennessee-fireflies-a-summertime-light-show\/\">story about synchronous fireflies in Tennessee<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Clemson team recruits citizens scientists to answer the question. In the liturgy of a late spring night, the call and response of a tree frog chorus accompanied the fireflies\u2019 ethereal light, as a guard let in a dozen people to the Cooper Library to launch a \u201cflash\u201d mob. It was the May 31 kickoff for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":11687,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[625,1109,1252,2384,2386,2637,2846,3181],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-10764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","tag-citizen-science","tag-entomology","tag-fireflies","tag-research","tag-research-feature","tag-social-media","tag-summer-fall-2014","tag-vanishing-firefly-project"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/09\/feature-fireflysbugs.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10764"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10764\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10764"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clemson.world\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}